Calories Burned During Exercise, Activities, Sports and Work

Activity, Exercise or Sport (1 hour)	130 lb	155 lb	180 lb	205 lb
Cycling, mountain bike, bmx	502	598	695	791
Cycling, <10 mph, leisure bicycling	236	281	327	372
Cycling, >20 mph, racing	944	1126	1308	1489
Cycling, 10-11.9 mph, light	354	422	490	558
Cycling, 12-13.9 mph, moderate	472	563	654	745
Cycling, 14-15.9 mph, vigorous	590	704	817	931
Cycling, 16-19 mph, very fast, racing	708	844	981	1117
Unicycling	295	352	409	465
Stationary cycling, very light	177	211	245	279
Stationary cycling, light	325	387	449	512
Stationary cycling, moderate	413	493	572	651
Stationary cycling, vigorous	620	739	858	977
Stationary cycling, very vigorous	738	880	1022	1163
Calisthenics, vigorous, pushups, situps…	472	563	654	745
Calisthenics, light	207	246	286	326
Circuit training, minimal rest	472	563	654	745
Weight lifting, body building, vigorous	354	422	490	558
Weight lifting, light workout	177	211	245	279
Health club exercise	325	387	449	512
Stair machine	531	633	735	838
Rowing machine, light	207	246	286	326
Rowing machine, moderate	413	493	572	651
Rowing machine, vigorous	502	598	695	791
Rowing machine, very vigorous	708	844	981	1117
Ski machine	413	493	572	651
Aerobics, low impact	295	352	409	465
Aerobics, high impact	413	493	572	651
Aerobics, step aerobics	502	598	695	791
Aerobics, general	384	457	531	605
Jazzercise	354	422	490	558
Stretching, hatha yoga	236	281	327	372
Mild stretching	148	176	204	233
Instructing aerobic class	354	422	490	558
Water aerobics	236	281	327	372
Ballet, twist, jazz, tap	266	317	368	419
Ballroom dancing, slow	177	211	245	279
Ballroom dancing, fast	325	387	449	512
Running, 5 mph (12 minute mile)	472	563	654	745
Running, 5.2 mph (11.5 minute mile)	531	633	735	838
Running, 6 mph (10 min mile)	590	704	817	931
Running, 6.7 mph (9 min mile)	649	774	899	1024
Running, 7 mph (8.5 min mile)	679	809	940	1070
Running, 7.5mph (8 min mile)	738	880	1022	1163
Running, 8 mph (7.5 min mile)	797	950	1103	1256
Running, 8.6 mph (7 min mile)	826	985	1144	1303
Running, 9 mph (6.5 min mile)	885	1056	1226	1396
Running, 10 mph (6 min mile)	944	1126	1308	1489
Running, 10.9 mph (5.5 min mile)	1062	1267	1471	1675
Running, cross country	531	633	735	838
Running, general	472	563	654	745
Running, on a track, team practice	590	704	817	931
Running, stairs, up	885	1056	1226	1396
Track and field (shot, discus)	236	281	327	372
Track and field (high jump, pole vault)	354	422	490	558
Track and field (hurdles)	590	704	817	931
Archery	207	246	286	326
Badminton	266	317	368	419
Basketball game, competitive	472	563	654	745
Playing basketball, non game	354	422	490	558
Basketball, officiating	413	493	572	651
Basketball, shooting baskets	266	317	368	419
Basketball, wheelchair	384	457	531	605
Running, training, pushing wheelchair	472	563	654	745
Billiards	148	176	204	233
Bowling	177	211	245	279
Boxing, in ring	708	844	981	1117
Boxing, punching bag	354	422	490	558
Boxing, sparring	531	633	735	838
Coaching: football, basketball, soccer…	236	281	327	372
Cricket (batting, bowling)	295	352	409	465
Croquet	148	176	204	233
Curling	236	281	327	372
Darts (wall or lawn)	148	176	204	233
Fencing	354	422	490	558
Football, competitive	531	633	735	838
Football, touch, flag, general	472	563	654	745
Football or baseball, playing catch	148	176	204	233
Frisbee playing, general	177	211	245	279
Frisbee, ultimate frisbee	472	563	654	745
Golf, general	266	317	368	419
Golf, walking and carrying clubs	266	317	368	419
Golf, driving range	177	211	245	279
Golf, miniature golf	177	211	245	279
Golf, walking and pulling clubs	254	303	351	400
Golf, using power cart	207	246	286	326
Gymnastics	236	281	327	372
Hacky sack	236	281	327	372
Handball	708	844	981	1117
Handball, team	472	563	654	745
Hockey, field hockey	472	563	654	745
Hockey, ice hockey	472	563	654	745
Riding a horse, general	236	281	327	372
Horesback riding, saddling horse	207	246	286	326
Horseback riding, grooming horse	207	246	286	326
Horseback riding, trotting	384	457	531	605
Horseback riding, walking	148	176	204	233
Horse racing, galloping	472	563	654	745
Horse grooming, moderate	354	422	490	558
Horseshoe pitching	177	211	245	279
Jai alai	708	844	981	1117
Martial arts, judo, karate, jujitsu	590	704	817	931
Martial arts, kick boxing	590	704	817	931
Martial arts, tae kwan do	590	704	817	931
Krav maga training	590	704	817	931
Juggling	236	281	327	372
Kickball	413	493	572	651
Lacrosse	472	563	654	745
Orienteering	531	633	735	838
Playing paddleball	354	422	490	558
Paddleball, competitive	590	704	817	931
Polo	472	563	654	745
Racquetball, competitive	590	704	817	931
Playing racquetball	413	493	572	651
Rock climbing, ascending rock	649	774	899	1024
Rock climbing, rappelling	472	563	654	745
Jumping rope, fast	708	844	981	1117
Jumping rope, moderate	590	704	817	931
Jumping rope, slow	472	563	654	745
Rugby	590	704	817	931
Shuffleboard, lawn bowling	177	211	245	279
Skateboarding	295	352	409	465
Roller skating	413	493	572	651
Roller blading, in-line skating	708	844	981	1117
Sky diving	177	211	245	279
Soccer, competitive	590	704	817	931
Playing soccer	413	493	572	651
Softball or baseball	295	352	409	465
Softball, officiating	236	281	327	372
Softball, pitching	354	422	490	558
Squash	708	844	981	1117
Table tennis, ping pong	236	281	327	372
Tai chi	236	281	327	372
Playing tennis	413	493	572	651
Tennis, doubles	354	422	490	558
Tennis, singles	472	563	654	745
Trampoline	207	246	286	326
Volleyball, competitive	472	563	654	745
Playing volleyball	177	211	245	279
Volleyball, beach	472	563	654	745
Wrestling	354	422	490	558
Wallyball	413	493	572	651
Backpacking, Hiking with pack	413	493	572	651
Carrying infant, level ground	207	246	286	326
Carrying infant, upstairs	295	352	409	465
Carrying 16 to 24 lbs, upstairs	354	422	490	558
Carrying 25 to 49 lbs, upstairs	472	563	654	745
Standing, playing with children, light	165	197	229	261
Walk/run, playing with children, moderate	236	281	327	372
Walk/run, playing with children, vigorous	295	352	409	465
Carrying small children	177	211	245	279
Loading, unloading car	177	211	245	279
Climbing hills, carrying up to 9 lbs	413	493	572	651
Climbing hills, carrying 10 to 20 lb	443	528	613	698
Climbing hills, carrying 21 to 42 lb	472	563	654	745
Climbing hills, carrying over 42 lb	531	633	735	838
Walking downstairs	177	211	245	279
Hiking, cross country	354	422	490	558
Bird watching	148	176	204	233
Marching, rapidly, military	384	457	531	605
Children's games, hopscotch, dodgeball	295	352	409	465
Pushing stroller or walking with children	148	176	204	233
Pushing a wheelchair	236	281	327	372
Race walking	384	457	531	605
Rock climbing, mountain climbing	472	563	654	745
Walking using crutches	295	352	409	465
Walking the dog	177	211	245	279
Walking, under 2.0 mph, very slow	118	141	163	186
Walking 2.0 mph, slow	148	176	204	233
Walking 2.5 mph	177	211	245	279
Walking 3.0 mph, moderate	195	232	270	307
Walking 3.5 mph, brisk pace	224	267	311	354
Walking 3.5 mph, uphill	354	422	490	558
Walking 4.0 mph, very brisk	295	352	409	465
Walking 4.5 mph	372	443	515	586
Walking 5.0 mph	472	563	654	745
Boating, power, speed boat	148	176	204	233
Canoeing, camping trip	236	281	327	372
Canoeing, rowing, light	177	211	245	279
Canoeing, rowing, moderate	413	493	572	651
Canoeing, rowing, vigorous	708	844	981	1117
Crew, sculling, rowing, competition	708	844	981	1117
Kayaking	295	352	409	465
Paddle boat	236	281	327	372
Windsurfing, sailing	177	211	245	279
Sailing, competition	295	352	409	465
Sailing, yachting, ocean sailing	177	211	245	279
Skiing, water skiing	354	422	490	558
Ski mobiling	413	493	572	651
Skin diving, fast	944	1126	1308	1489
Skin diving, moderate	738	880	1022	1163
Skin diving, scuba diving	413	493	572	651
Snorkeling	295	352	409	465
Surfing, body surfing or board surfing	177	211	245	279
Whitewater rafting, kayaking, canoeing	295	352	409	465
Swimming laps, freestyle, fast	590	704	817	931
Swimming laps, freestyle, slow	413	493	572	651
Swimming backstroke	413	493	572	651
Swimming breaststroke	590	704	817	931
Swimming butterfly	649	774	899	1024
Swimming leisurely, not laps	354	422	490	558
Swimming sidestroke	472	563	654	745
Swimming synchronized	472	563	654	745
Swimming, treading water, fast, vigorous	590	704	817	931
Swimming, treading water, moderate	236	281	327	372
Water aerobics, water calisthenics	236	281	327	372
Water polo	590	704	817	931
Water volleyball	177	211	245	279
Water jogging	472	563	654	745
Diving, springboard or platform	177	211	245	279
Ice skating, < 9 mph	325	387	449	512
Ice skating, average speed	413	493	572	651
Ice skating, rapidly	531	633	735	838
Speed skating, ice, competitive	885	1056	1226	1396
Cross country snow skiing, slow	413	493	572	651
Cross country skiing, moderate	472	563	654	745
Cross country skiing, vigorous	531	633	735	838
Cross country skiing, racing	826	985	1144	1303
Cross country skiing, uphill	974	1161	1348	1536
Snow skiing, downhill skiing, light	295	352	409	465
Downhill snow skiing, moderate	354	422	490	558
Downhill snow skiing, racing	472	563	654	745
Sledding, tobagganing, luge	413	493	572	651
Snow shoeing	472	563	654	745
Snowmobiling	207	246	286	326
General housework	207	246	286	326
Cleaning gutters	295	352	409	465
Painting	266	317	368	419
Sit, playing with animals	148	176	204	233
Walk / run, playing with animals	236	281	327	372
Bathing dog	207	246	286	326
Mowing lawn, walk, power mower	325	387	449	512
Mowing lawn, riding mower	148	176	204	233
Walking, snow blower	207	246	286	326
Riding, snow blower	177	211	245	279
Shoveling snow by hand	354	422	490	558
Raking lawn	254	303	351	400
Gardening, general	236	281	327	372
Bagging grass, leaves	236	281	327	372
Watering lawn or garden	89	106	123	140
Weeding, cultivating garden	266	317	368	419
Carpentry, general	207	246	286	326
Carrying heavy loads	472	563	654	745
Carrying moderate loads upstairs	472	563	654	745
General cleaning	207	246	286	326
Cleaning, dusting	148	176	204	233
Taking out trash	177	211	245	279
Walking, pushing a wheelchair	236	281	327	372
Teach physical education,exercise class	236	281	327	372
Teach exercise classes (& participate)	384	457	531	605

Data Center Storage Evolution

An Update on Storage Network Technologies including DAS, NAS, SAN, SAN over IP, Fibre Channel and More

Data is growing at explosive rates in today's businesses. Big Data is increasing storage demands in a way that could only be imagined just a few short years ago. A typical data record has tripled if not quadrupled in size in just the last five years, however this data now has many forms including structured, semi-structured and non-structured. In fact, according to a recent IBM® study, 2.5 quintillion bytes of data are written every day and 90% of global data has been created in the last two years alone. It is glaringly apparent that the size of databases is growing exponentially.

Aside from a company's human resources, data has become the most valuable corporate asset both tangibly and intangibly. How to effectively store, access, protect and manage critical data is a new challenge facing IT departments. A Storage Area Network (SAN) applies a networking model to storage in the data center. The SANs operate behind the servers to provide a common path between servers and stor age devices. Unlike server-based Direct Attached Storage (DAS) and file-oriented Network Attached Storage (NAS) solutions, SANs provide block level or file level access to data that is shared among computing and personnel resources. The predominant SAN technology is implemented in a Fibre Channel (FC) configuration, although new configurations are becoming popular including iSCSI and Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE). The media on which the data is stored is also changing.

With the growth of SANs and the worldwide domination of Internet Protocol (IP), using IP networks to transport storage traffic is in the forefront of technical development. IP networks provide increasing levels of manageability, interoperability and cost-effectiveness. By converging the storage with the existing IP networks (LANs/MANs/WANs) immediate benefits are seen through storage consolidation, virtualization, mirroring, backup, and management. The convergence also provides increased capacities, flexibility, expandability and scalability.

The two main standards utilizing the IP protocol are FCoE (Fibre Channel over Ethernet), and iSCSI (ip Small Computer System Interface). Both carry either Fibre Channel or SCSI commands incorporated into an IP datagram. FCoE is different in that Fibre Channel commands are encapsulated into IP traffic, but this requires a converged network adapter (CNA) that is capable of speaking both Fibre Channel and Ethernet for encapsulation. iSCSI operates over standard Ethernet networks and standard Ethernet adapters at the edge device called the initiator.

Today, 10Gigabit Ethernet is becoming increasingly popular as the horizontal application of choice in corporate data centers. Gaining a competitive edge from deploying 10 Gigabit Ethernet in the enterprise requires a robust IT infrastructure. Increasingly, 10GBASE-T and 10Gb SFP+ applications provide a reliable foundation for data centers' networking components and SAN networking. With a structured cabling system capable of 10GBASE-T, users are provided with an open and industry standards-based infrastructure that can support multiple converged applications.

Storage Technologies

With the advent of the Internet, Big Data, corporate intranets, e-mail, e-commerce, business-to-business (B2B), ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning), Customer Resource Management (CRM), data warehousing, CAD/CAM, rich media streaming, voice/video/data convergence, and many other real time applications, the demands on the enterprise storage capacity has grown by leaps and bounds. The data itself is as important to a business's successful operation as its personnel and systems. The need to protect this strategic asset has far exceeded the capabilities of a tape backup. Tape access and capacities can simply not address the growing demands. Growing data stores meant having to implement tape libraries. Even then, there are inherent issues with tape media that could only be addressed with either supplemental storage or replacement of the media altogether.

Downtime is one critical factor in today's businesses. Based on a recently published study by Dun & Bradstreet, 59% of Fortune 500 companies experience a minimum of 1.6 hours of downtime per week. Wages alone levy a downtime cost of $896,000 per week or just over $46 million per year. A recent conservative Gartner study lists downtime costs at $42,000 per hour. A USA today survey of 200 data center managers found that over 80% reported that their downtime costs exceed $50,000 per hour, and another 20% said they exceed $500,000 per hour. These costs alone have pushed the stor age industry to provide redundancy and high-availability. Further, Federal mandates for the medical and financial industry have created yet another mandate for security and high availability due to compliance requirements.

Storage network technology has developed in the following three main configurations: Direct Attached Storage (DAS), Network Attached Storage (NAS), and Storage Area Networks (SAN).

Direct Attached Storage (DAS)

DAS is the traditional method of locally attaching storage devices to servers via a direct communication path between the server and storage devices. As shown in Figure 1, the connectivity between the server and the storage devices are on a dedicated path separate from the network cabling. Access is provided via an intelligent controller. The storage can only be accessed through the directly attached server. This method was developed primarily to address shortcomings in drive-bays on the host computer systems. When a server needed more drive space, a storage unit was attached. This method also allowed for one server to mirror another. The mirroring functionality may also be accomplished via directly attached server to server interfaces.

Figure 1: A Simple DAS Diagram

Network Attached Storage (NAS)

NAS is a file-level access storage architecture with storage elements attached directly to a LAN. It provides file access to het erogeneous computer systems. Unlike other storage systems the storage is accessed directly via the network as shown in Figure 2. An additional layer is added to address the shared storage files. This system typically uses NFS (Network File System) or CIFS (Common Internet File System) both of which are IP applications. A separate computer usually acts as the "filer" which is basically a traffic and security access controller for the storage which may be incorporated into the unit itself. The advantage to this method is that several servers can share storage on a separate unit. Unlike DAS, each server does not need its own dedicated storage which enables more efficient utilization of available storage capacity. The servers can be dif ferent platforms as long as they all use the IP protocol.

Figure 2: Simple NAS Architecture

Figure 3: Meshed SAN Architecture

Storage Area Networks (SANs)

Like DAS, a SAN is connected behind the servers. SANs provide block-level access to shared data storage. Block level access refers to the specific blocks of data on a storage device as opposed to file level access. One file will contain several blocks. SANs provide high availability and robust business continuity for critical data environments. SANs are typically switched fabric architectures using Fibre Channel (FC) for connectivity. As shown in Figure 3 the term switched fabric refers to each storage unit being connected to each server via multiple SAN switches also called SAN directors which provide redundancy within the paths to the storage units. This provides additional paths for communications and eliminates one central switch as a single point of failure.

Ethernet has many advantages similar to Fibre Channel for supporting SANs. Some of these include high speed, support of a switched fabric topology, widespread interoperability, and a large set of management tools. In a storage network application, the switch is the key element. With the significant number of Gigabit and 10 Gigabit Ethernet ports shipped, leveraging IP and Ethernet for storage is a natural progression for some environments.

SAN over IP

IP was developed as an open standard with complete interoperability of components. Two new IP storage network tech nologies are Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE) and SCSI over IP (iSCSI). IP communication across a standard IP net work via Fibre Channel Tunneling or storage tunneling has the benefit of utilizing storage in locations that may exceed the directly attached limit of nearly 10 km when using fiber as the transport medium. Internal to the data center, legacy Fibre Channel can also be run over coaxial cable or twisted pair cabling, but at significantly shorter distances. The incor poration of the IP standard into these storage systems offers performance benefits through speed, greater availability, fault tolerance and scalability. These solutions, properly imple mented, can almost guaranty 100% availability of data. The IP based management protocols also provide network man agers with a new set of tools, warnings and triggers that were proprietary in previous generations of storage technology. Se curity and encryption solutions are also greatly enhanced. With 10G gaining popularity and the availability of new faster WAN links, these solutions can offer true storage on demand.

Fibre Channel (FC) and Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE)

Native FC is a standards-based SAN interconnection technology within and between data centers limited by geography. It is an open, high-speed serial interface for interconnecting servers to storage devices (discs, tape libraries or CD jukeboxes) or servers to servers. FC has large addressing capabilities. Similar to SCSI, each device receives a number on the channel. It is the dominant storage networking interface today. The Fibre Channel can be fully meshed providing excellent redundancy. FC can operate at the following speeds: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 Gb/s with 8Gb/s to 16 Gb/s currently being predominant. The transmission distances vary with the speed and media. With FCoE, the packets are processed with the lengths and distances afforded by an Ethernet Network and again, vary according to speed and media. According to the IEEE 802.3ae standard for 10Gigabit Ethernet over fiber, when using singlemode optical fiber cables, the distance supported is 10 kilometers, up to 300m when using laser optimized 50 micron OM3 multimode fiber and up to 400m with OM4 as compared to native Fibre Channel with a distance of only 130m. Laser optimized OM3 and OM4 fiber is an important consideration in fiber selection for 10Gb/s transmission.

FC Topology

Native Fibre Channel supports three different connection topologies: point-to-point, arbitrated loop, and switched fabric. Switched fabric, as the name implies, is the better solution as it allows for a mesh within the Fibre Channel. It may also be configured in what is known as fabric islands. Fabric islands connect geographically diverse Fibre Channel fabrics. These fabrics may be anywhere within the range of the medium without IP. With IP, the fabric can reach greater distances as it is extended by routers and links outside of the fabric. They may also comprise different topologies (cascaded, ring, mesh, or core-to-edge), but may require additional connectivity for shared data access, resource consolidation, data backup, remote mirroring, or disaster recovery.

FCoE Topology

Fibre Channel is accomplished on a separate network than the Ethernet network. With Fibre Channel over Ethernet, Converged Network Adapters are used in place of Ethernet adapters and allow a single channel to pass both Ethernet and Fibre Channel encapsulated packets across a standard IP network extending distance over an entire enterprise, regardless of geography via Ethernet routers and bridges. For replication between storage systems over a wide area network, FCoE provides a mechanism to interconnect islands of FC SAN or FCoE SANs over the IP infrastructure (LANs/MANs/WANs) to form a single, unified FC SAN fabric.

Native Fibre Channel SAN Typical Component and Elements

Fibre Channel hardware interconnects storage devices with servers and forms the Fibre Channel fabric through the connection of the following:

• Interconnect device: switches, directors
• Translation devices: Host bus adapters (HBAs) installed in server, adapters, bridges, routers, and gateways
• Storage devices: non-RAID or RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) disk arrays, tape libraries
• Servers: The server is the initiator in the Fibre Channel SAN and provides the interface to an IP network. Servers interact with the Fibre Channel fabric through the HBA.
• Physical layer/media: Coax, twisted-pair and/or fiber-optic cables, however fiber is the most predominant.

The FC SAN switches are classified as either switches or directors. A SAN fabric switch contains a low to medium port count, while a director is a high port count switch (generally above 64 ports). Fibre Channel switches can be networked together to build larger storage networks. The HBA is more complex than a traditional Ethernet card. It connects the Fibre Channel network to the IP network via the networking cabling subsystem. A bridge may be used to connect legacy SCSI or ESCON (Enterprise System Connection) storage devices to the Fibre Channel network. The bridge will serve to translate and/or encapsulate the various protocols allowing communi cation with legacy storage devices via the SAN.

Figure 4: iSCSI SAN Diagram

Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) over IP (iSCSI)

The iSCSI protocol unites storage and IP networking. iSCSI uses existing Ethernet devices and the IP protocol to carry and manage data stored in a SCSI SAN. It is a simple, high speed, low-cost, long distance storage solution. One prob lem with traditional SCSI attached devices was the distance limitation. By using existing network components and exploiting the advantages of IP networking such as network management and other tools for LANs, MANs and WANs, iSCSI is expanding in the storage market and extending SAN connectivity without distance limitations. It is more cost effective due to its use of existing equipment and infrastructure. With a 10x increase from existing 1Gigabit to 10Gigabit Ethernet, it will become a major force in the SAN market. Using 10Gigabit Ethernet, SANs are reaching the highest storage transportation speeds ever.

iSCSI Typical Component/Elements:

• iSCSI Host Bus Adapter (HBA) or NIC (installed in server)
• Storage devices disk arrays or tape libraries
• Servers
• Standard IP Ethernet Switches and Routers
• Storage Switches and Routers
• Gateways
• Physical layer media - Fiber, twisted-pair

Generally, to deploy an iSCSI storage network in a data center, connectivity is provided via iSCSI Host Bus Adapters (HBAs) or storage NIC which connects the storage resources to existing Ethernet via IP Ethernet switches or IP Storage switches and routers. Specified storage IP routers and switches have a combination of iSCSI interfaces and other storage interfaces such as SCSI or Fibre Channel, they provide multi-protocol connectivity not available in conventional IP and Ethernet switches.

When connecting to FC SANs, an IP storage switch or router is needed to convert the FC protocol to iSCSI. IP storage routers and switches extend the reach of the FC SAN and bridge FC SANs to iSCSI SANs. For example, an IP storage switch allows users to perform FC-to-FC switching, FC-to-iSCSI switching, or FC-to- Ethernet switching in addition to Ethernet to Ethernet switching.

Mixed Architectures Storage Networks

Flexibility and low cost are the important driving factors for implementing an iSCSI approach, especially for long distance storage. In addition, as Ethernet speeds are continually increasing, it is believed that the 10 Gigabit Ethernet based iSCSI will be widely used for SANs in data centers. A number of devices have been developed to address the large installed base of native FC storage solutions in place today. In order to protect an organization's current investment in storage technology, SAN installations may evolve from a single specific storage network to a mix of Fibre Channel and iSCSI products.

Furthermore, a convergence or integration of NAS and SANs is expected and multilingual (combination) Fibre Channel and Ethernet switches are expected to evolve. The integrated SAN and NAS network will be scaleable and costeffective, it will support multiple protocols and interfaces. This integration will enable customers to optimize their native Fibre Channel SANs by providing reliable connections over long distances using existing electronics by providing a convergence between Ethernet, Fibre Channel and iSCSI protocols.

Evolving Standards for SANs

FC standards are developed by the technical subcommittee NCITS/T11 of the National Committee for Information Technology Standards (NCITS). The original FC standards were approved by the ANSI X.3230 in 1994. The first SCSI standard was ratified by ANSI in 1986. Since then, there have been multiple amendments mirroring changes within the industry.

The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is expanding on these standards through IP protocol enhancements to the existing interface and operational standards above. In February, 2003, the iSCSI specification was officially approved as a "proposed standard" by the IETF. Additionally, the Storage Networking Industry Association (SNIA), the Fibre Channel Industry Association (FCIA), and other industry groups are also working on the SAN standard's implementation and development. The data center is the critical infrastructure hub of an organization. Besides the SAN /NAS components, a typical data center includes a variety of other components and connectivity. To address the evolutions of data centers, the TIA TR-42.1.1 group developed the "Telecommunications Infrastructure Standard for Data Centers" published as ANSI/TIA/EIA-942 and later amended and published as TIA 942-A. The standard covers the cabling system design, pathway, and spaces. Likewise, ISO developed ISO 24764 international cabling standard for data centers.

Cabling Considerations and Design Factors for SANs are most prevalent in data centers, but they also include video, voice, and other converged applications. A robust network cabling foundation is essential. In a data center environment the basic requirements for the cabling system are:

• Standards-based open system
• Support for 10GbE, 8, 16 and 32Gb/s FC
• Support for multiple types of SAN / NAS and protocols
• Support for cumulative bandwidth demands for converged applications
• High Reliability
• Redundancy
• Flexible, scaleable and provides mechanisms for easy deployment of MACs
• It is highly desirable to use the highest performing fiber with low loss connectors to allow reconfigurations without running new fiber.

To meet all above requirement, 10GbE copper and laser optimized multimode fiber are the first choices. TIA recommends category 6A as a minimum copper cabling standard and now OM4 as the minimum fiber standard. ISO 24764 recommends 6A as a minimum for copper and OM3 for fiber. A 10GbE capable infrastructure is predominant in data centers today, with 40 and 100GbE fast approaching for backbone applications. In order to improve the reliability of the communications infrastructure, redundancy is a principal design consideration in a data center. The redundancy can be achieved by providing physically separated services, cross-connected areas and pathways, or by providing redundant electronic devices in fabric topologies.

Conclusion

Storage Area Networks are but one component of converged applications that traverse today's networks. The benefits of these systems are not only numerous, but completely essential to a business. Providing the bandwidth necessary for all networked applications using a high performance structured cabling infrastructure will ensure their functionality for years to come. Upgrading or replacing your infrastructure reactively is costly. Industry experts agree that cabling infrastructure should be planned to carry data for at least 10 years.

Storage solutions are plentiful and there is no one size fits all for today's data centers. In fact some data centers utilize a variety of storage architectures depending on the application requirements. While Fibre Channel in native form is the predominant architecture for storage, iSCSI and FCoE are gaining some momentum. When fibre channel SANs complement Ethernet networks, dual paths for moving data are provided. Converging fibre channel over Ethernet decreases the number of connections required, but doubles the traffic over the used channels. Increasing bandwidth from gigabit to 10GbE provides more bandwidth for these applications. When increasing the horizontal server to switch speed, uplink ports also need to increase in speed, generally using multiple 10GbE links or newer 40/100GbE speeds. Siemon's data center design assistance experts can help design a storage and network architecture to support your business needs.

The Siemon Company is a global market leader specializing in high performance, high quality cabling systems. Siemon offers a broad range of copper and fiber cable, connectivity and cable management systems for Data Centers including Storage Area Networks and beyond. For example, Siemon's LightStack™ Fiber Plug and Play system combines superior performance with ultra high density (144 LC and 864 MTP fibers in 1U) and best in class accessibility. Siemon cabling systems are backed by an extended warranty covering product quality, performance headroom and applications assurance for up to 20 years. For more information on Siemon Data Center solutions please visit: www.siemon.com/datacenter.

List of Data Center Storage Technology Related Industry Associations

• Worldwide Disk Storage Systems Report, IDC, www.idc.com
• SAN for the Masses, Computing Technology Industry Association, www.comptia.org/research/
• Storage Network Infrastructure, 2003 Forecast (Executive Summary), Dataquest of Gartner, www.gartner.com
• ANSI, American National Standards Institute, www.ansi.org
• TIA, Telecommunications Industry Association, www.tiaonline.org
• EIA, Electronics Industry Alliance, www.eia.org
• IETF, Internet Engineering Task Force, www.ietf.org
• SNIA, Storage Networking Industry Association, www.snia.org
• FCIA, Fibre Channel Industry Association, www.fibrechannel.org

Cisco Wins Even When It Loses in the SDN Market

Despite the growing popularity of VMWare's NSX software-defined-networking product, Cisco's hardware is still the overwhelming favorite.

Software-defined networking, which allows network administrators to control a network through software, was viewed as a major threat to Cisco's (NASDAQ:CSCO) business model a few years ago. Cisco is the dominant player in the networking hardware market, and its share of the switching and routing markets dwarfs those of the company's nearest competitors. But cheap, commodity networking hardware coupled with software had the potential to upend Cisco's very profitable operation.

Except for some large web companies that have the resources to design their own switching hardware, SDN has yet to have a negative impact on Cisco's business. Cisco launched its own take on SDN, called Application Centric Infrastructure, or ACI, in 2013, and growth has been swift. During the last reported quarter, ACI grew by more than 200% year over year.

Nexus 9000 switch. Source: Cisco.

The major alternative to Cisco's ACI comes from VMWare (NYSE:VMW), a company best known for virtualization products. VMWare is strictly a software company, so it doesn't compete with Cisco's networking hardware, but it does compete with ACI with its own take on SDN called NSX. NSX is compatible with a variety of networking hardware, including hardware from Cisco. NSX is also growing fast, and during VMWare's latest earnings conference call, the company stated it believed the number of NSX production customers was larger than any of its competitors numbers.

Why NSX is not a near-term threat to Cisco
While the growing presence of NSX would suggest that Cisco's hardware empire is at risk, given that NSX supports Cisco's major competitors, that's actually not the case. According to Dominick Delfino, VP of worldwide systems engineering at VMWare, about 75% of NSX clients run the software on top of Cisco hardware.

This speaks volumes about how entrenched Cisco's hardware truly is; Swapping out Cisco's switches for those of a competitor is not a trivial task. Cisco has faced lower-priced competition for years, and it has remained the dominant market leader despite this competition. The proliferation of NSX doesn't really change the competitive dynamics of the industry, at least not in the short term.

I wouldn't expect Cisco to start losing market share, regardless of how fast NSX is growing. In the long term, Cisco would certainly prefer customers to use both its hardware as well as ACI. This would create an even stronger lock-in effect, as the cost to switch to an alternative would be even greater compared to a customers using only Cisco's hardware.

Whether both NSX and ACI can be successful simultaneously remains to be seen. One may become the overwhelming standard, and Cisco would obviously prefer the winner to be ACI. If NSX comes out on top, the likelihood that networking hardware becomes commoditized certainly increases, but Cisco's competitive advantage doesn't disappear. Price is only one factor, and the underlying hardware still needs to be reliable and perform well, regardless of the software running on top.

A great value
There's clearly some pessimism hanging over Cisco's stock, and this has created an opportunity for those who believe the threat of SDN to Cisco's business is overblown. Backing out the net cash on Cisco's balance sheet, which totals about $6.85 per share, the stock trades at just about 10.5 times the trailing-12-month GAAP earnings.

For a company as dominant as Cisco, this valuation doesn't make much sense. Of course, it's not impossible that Cisco falls from grace; once-dominant companies have certainly been destroyed by unforeseen developments in the past. But at the stock's current valuation, there's a significant margin of safety. Cisco doesn't need to post rapid growth for things to work out well for those who buy at these prices, and while predicting the future is hard, particularly when it comes to technology stocks, the risk-reward equation looks favorable for investors.

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Comparison Intel - 1st Generation | 2nd Generation | 3rd Generation | 4th Generation

Intel | i3 | i5 | i7 |
1st Generation	2nd Generation	3rd Generation	4th Generation
Year 2008 - 2010	Year 2005, 2009, 2011	Year 2011 - 2012	Year 2013 - 2015
Nehalem	SandyBridge	Ivy Bridge	Haswell
4–12 MB L3 cache	-	32 KB data + 32 KB instruction L1 cache (4 clocks) and 256 KB L2 cache (11 clocks) per core	-
reduction in L2 cache size enlarged L3 cache that is shared among all cores.	-	Shared L3 cache includes the processor graphics	-
Hyper-threading reintroduced.	->	->	->
Up to 4 physical cores or 8 logical cores through Hyper-threading.	Up to 8 physical cores or 16 logical cores through Hyper-threading.	2 to 4 Cores	2–4 (mainstream) 6–8 (enthusiast) 2–18 (Xeon)
64 KB L1 cache per core (32 KB L1 data and 32 KB L1 instruction), and 256 KB L2 cache per core.	64-byte cache line size.	64-byte cache line size	64-byte cache line size
45nm from factor	32nm from factor	22 nm from factor	22 nm from factor
10–25% better single-threaded performance 20–100% better multithreaded performance at the same power level	15% faster than first Generation	5%-8% faster than second Generation	10% faster than third Generation   Up to 6% faster single-threaded performance.    6% faster multi-threaded performance.
-	-	10%-15% faster than first Generation	20%-25% faster than first Generation
30% lower power consumption for the same performance	consume less power	up to 50% less power consumption at the same performance level as 2-D planar transistors	Desktop variants of Haswell draw between 8% and 23% more power under load than Ivy Bridge
	battery backup is more	-	battery backup is still more
-	Improvement in Graphics performance Integration of the GMCH (integrated graphics and memory controller) and processor into a single die inside the processor package.	-	Upto to 20% performance increase in graphics over the 3rd Gen
-	Intel InTru 3D	-	-
-	Clear Video HD and WiDi 2.0	-	-
-	-	-	Native support for dual-channel DDR3 memory, with up to 32 GB
DDR3 Memory	DDR3 Memory	DDR3 Memory	DDR4 Memory Support
Integration of PCI Express and DMI into the processor		PCI Express 3.0 support	A total of 16 PCI Express 3.0 lanes on LGA 1150 variants
-	The built-in GPU has 6 or 12 execution units (EUs)	The built-in GPU has 6 or 16 execution units (EUs)	-
-	-	Intel HD Graphics with DirectX 11, OpenGL 3.1	-
-	-	Multiple 4K video playback	-
-	-	Intel Quick Sync Video version 2	-
-	-	25% to 68% increase in integrated GPU performance	-
Second-generation Intel Virtualization Technology, which introduced Extended Page Table support, virtual processor identifiers (VPIDs), and non-maskable interrupt-window exiting	-	-	-
-	A 14- to 19-stage instruction pipeline, depending on the micro-operation cache hit or miss	A 14- to 19-stage instruction pipeline, depending on the micro-operation cache hit or miss	A 14- to 19-stage instruction pipeline, depending on the micro-operation cache hit or miss
-	-	Ivy Bridge-E/EN/EP/EX Up to 12 CPU cores and 30 MB of L3 cache Up to 15 CPU cores and 37.5 MB L3 cache	-
-	-	3D tri-gate transistors	3D tri-gate transistors
-	-	-	Four versions of the integrated GPU: GT1, GT2, GT3
Voltage regulator on motherboard	Voltage regulator on motherboard	Voltage regulator on motherboard	Fully integrated voltage regulator
-	-	-	New advanced power-saving system
-	-	-	37, 47, 57 W thermal design power (TDP) mobile processors
-	-	-	18–20 cores for Xeon server cpu Xeon E5-2600 v3 & Xeon E5-1600 v3 – 18 Cores

 

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Thanks,
Sameer Naik

MCSE / MCTS

Pune (India)

Cell : 09730046246

Email - sameer.naik@live.com

Apps are changing - Networks Must Change